Field evaluation of different eco-friendly alternative control methods against <i>Panonychus citri</i> [Acari: Tetranychidae] spider mite and its predators in citrus orchards

Abstract Biotic stress caused by pests on citrus trees has become a major problem for ecologists around the world, hence need to develop ecological approaches surmount this stress. To evaluate effectiveness of diverse control methods pest Panonychus citri and its predators, Euseius stipulatus , Phytoseiulus persimilis Typhlodromus sp. Different treatments were applied in orchards planted Citrus clementina Gharb area Morocco (T0 = treated water only, T1 spirodiclofen (the molecular formula is C21H24Cl2O4). 0.5 L/ha, T2 5% black soap 125 Its ingredients are: argan oil, olive olive, salt, water, vegetable potash, without chemicals. T3 mixture two detergents; Oni product composed following (sodium C12-13 parenth sulfate, sodium C14-17 alkyl sec sulfonate) Tide with C10-16 alkylbenzene sulfonate, propylene glycol borate). Results obtained during follow-up period showed that soap, spirodiclofen, detergent provided decrease P. population comparison plot whole monitoring period. We found 5,044 mobile forms 1,544 3,002 1,567 detergents. This study demonstrated all three had negative effect predators survived (T0), while impact beneficial phytoseiid mites was greater than However, increase temperature according weeks significant evolution density studied mites. Unfortunately, chemical products like used against various are considered toxic phytoseiids agro-ecosystem general. aims detect mixtures detergents their impacts predators: E. replace use pesticides these alternative methods, which remain effective environmentally friendly.